Definitions: Simple DC Element Element for which there is not a more generalized definition within the DC semantics. These currently include the basic 15 elements defined in "Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description", but may include other elements such as the education working group's 'audience' element, as they are standardized. Refinement DC Element Element for which there is a more generalized definition within the DC semantics. These currently include the Element Refinements listed in the "Dublin Core Qualifiers" Literal Value A value of an element which is intended to be treated as a 'Literal' by the system which is processing the element; that is, the system should attempt no further processing or interpretation beyond this value. Literal values may be structured in some way as with Dublin Core Structured Values or Dates using the W3CDTF encoding; however, this structure is not intended to be interpretted or processed by the current processing system, even though they could be utilized by a different processing system. This implies that what is a 'DC Literal Value' is very much dependent on the processing system. Systems which can interpret structured values embedded within a 'Literal Value' may treat the 'Literal Value' as a 'Resource Value'. This is referred to as 'Value Smart-up' Literal (RDF Definition) The most primitive value type which may be represented, typically a string of characters (from the RDF standard: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/#glossary). However, the constitution of a literal is highly dependent on the system which is processing the metadata. For example, RDF has a specific syntax for declaring Literal values. In generic XML documents literals may be represented as character data (http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006#dt-chardata) with any markup characters appropriately escaped or within sections, or by definition within a specific XML Schema. Simple Literal Value A 'Literal Value' which is encoded using only ASCII printable characters (Unicode x09 | x0A | x0D | [x20-x7E]). Furthermore, any characters which could be interpretted as non-literals by the processing system must be escaped or encapsulated according to the conventions of the processing system, such as < or & in XML, or possibly tabs or newlines in other systems which could interpet these as record or field delimiters. This is considered the most portable form of 'Literal Value'. Complex Literal Value A 'Literal Value' which is not a 'Simple Literal Value'. Could include any Unicode character (or arbitrary character encodings), and characters which could be interpretted as non-literals need not always be escaped or encapsulated. The assumption is that the processing system has other means to identify what is and is not a 'Literal'. It should be obvious that 'Complex Literal Values' can be highly dependent on the processing system. Resource Value A value of an element which represents a 'Resource' which the system may attempt to process or interpret in some way. Resource values may identify some external entity via a reference, or the entity may be embedded within the value itself. Processors may treat 'Resource Values' which they cannot interpret as 'Complex Literal Values' or via some sort of simplification process (Value Dumb-down) as 'Simple Literal Values'. Resource (RDF Definition) An abstract object that represents either a physical or conceptual object (from the RDF standard: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/#glossary). Simple Resource Value A 'Resource Value' that represents, via a reference of some type (maybe a URI), some externally defined entity or concept. A processing system may attempt to dereference the entity for further processing or interpretation. Complex Resource Value A 'Resource Value' in which the definition of the entity or concept is embedded within the value itself. A processing system may attempt to process or interpret the embedded definition. Simple DC A metadata representation consisting only of 'Simple DC Elements' with 'Simple Literal Values' Value Dumb-down The process of transforming 'Complex Literal Values' or 'Resource Values' into 'Simple Literal Values' Element Dumb-down The process of tranforming 'Refinement DC Elements' into their corresponding and more general 'Simple DC Elements' Dumbing-down The combination of 'Value Dumb-down' and 'Element Dumb-down', the result of which is 'Simple DC' Value Smart-up The process of parsing or interpretting 'Literal Values' so as to convert them into 'Resource Values' Element Smart-up The process of interpretting 'Simple DC Elements' so as to convert them into the appropriate 'Refinement DC Elements' (or converting refined elements into more refined elements). Smarting-up The process of applying Value and/or Element Smart-up. 'Smarting-up' can be based on interpretation of the element value, neighboring elements and their values,or it could rely on information obtained from outside the metadata.